TPA0172
2-W STEREO AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER
WITH I
2
C BUS
SLOS327C – AUGUST 2000 – REVISED MAY 2001
18
POST OFFICE BOX 655303 • DALLAS, TEXAS 75265
APPLICATION INFORMATION
bridged-tied load versus single-ended mode (continued)
Increasing power to the load does carry a penalty of increased internal power dissipation. The increased
dissipation is understandable considering that the BTL configuration produces 4× the output power of the SE
configuration. Internal dissipation versus output power is discussed further in the crest factor and thermal
considerations section.
single-ended operation
In SE mode, the load is driven from the primary amplifier output for each channel (OUT+, terminals 2 and 12).
The amplifier switches single-ended operation when the SE/BTL
terminal is held high. This puts the negative
outputs in a high-impedance state and reduces the amplifier’s gain to 1 V/V.
BTL amplifier efficiency
Class-AB amplifiers are inefficient. The primary cause of these inefficiencies is voltage drop across the output
stage transistors. There are two components of the internal voltage drop. One is the headroom or dc voltage
drop that varies inversely to output power. The second component is due to the sinewave nature of the output.
The total voltage drop can be calculated by subtracting the RMS value of the output voltage from V
DD
. The
internal voltage drop multiplied by the RMS value of the supply current (I
DD
rms) determines the internal power
dissipation of the amplifier.
An easy-to-use equation to calculate efficiency starts out as being equal to the ratio of power from the power
supply to the power delivered to the load. To accurately calculate the RMS and average values of power in the
load and in the amplifier, the current and voltage waveform shapes must first be understood (see Figure 24).
V
(LRMS)
V
O
I
DD
I
DD(avg)
Figure 24. Voltage and Current Waveforms for BTL Amplifiers
Although the voltages and currents for SE and BTL are sinusoidal in the load, currents from the supply are very
different between SE and BTL configurations. In an SE application the current waveform is a half-wave rectified
shape, whereas in BTL it is a full-wave rectified waveform. This means RMS conversion factors are different.
Keep in mind that for most of the waveform both the push and pull transistors are not on at the same time, which
supports the fact that each amplifier in the BTL device only draws current from the supply for half the waveform.
The following equations are the basis for calculating amplifier efficiency.
Efficiency of a BTL amplifier
P
L
P
SUP
(7)
Where:
P
L
V
L
rms
2
R
L
, and V
LRMS
V
P
2
, therefore, P
L
V
P
2
2R
L
and
P
SUP
V
DD
I
DD
avg
and
I
DD
avg
1
V
P
R
sin(t) dt
1
V
P
R
L
[cos(t)]
0
2V
P
R
L
