AT90S2313
4
AT90S2313 Architectural Overview
The fast-access register file concept contains 32 x 8-bit
general purpose working registers with a single clock cycle
access time. This means that during one single clock cycle,
one ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) operation is executed. Two
operands are output from the register file, the operation is
executed, and the result is stored back in the register file -
in one clock cycle.
Six of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bits indirect
address register pointers for Data Space addressing -
enabling efficient address calculations. One of the three
address pointers is also used as the address pointer for the
constant table look up function. These added function reg-
isters are the 16-bits X-register, Y-register and Z-register.
The ALU supports arithmetic and logic functions between
registers or between a constant and a register. Single reg-
ister operations are also executed in the ALU. Figure 4
shows the AT90S2313 AVR Enhanced RISC microcontrol-
ler architecture.
In addition to the register operation, the conventional mem-
ory addressing modes can be used on the register file as
well. This is enabled by the fact that the register file is
assigned the 32 lowermost Data Space addresses ($00 -
$1F), allowing them to be accessed as though they were
ordinary memory locations.
The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU
peripheral functions as Control Registers, Timer/Counters,
A/D-converters, and other I/O functions. The I/O memory
can be accessed directly, or as the Data Space locations
following those of the register file, $20 - $5F.
The AVR has Harvard architecture - with separate memo-
ries and buses for program and data. The program memory
is accessed with a two stage pipeline. While one instruction
is being executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from
the program memory. This concept enables instructions to
be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is
In-system Programmable Flash memory.
With the relative jump and call instructions, the whole 1K
address space is directly accessed. Most
AVR
instructions
have a single 16-bit word format. Every program memory
address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction.
During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address
program counter (PC) is stored on the stack. The stack is
effectively allocated in the general data SRAM, and conse-
quently the stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size
and the usage of the SRAM. All user programs must initial-
ize the SP in the reset routine (before subroutines or inter-
rupts are executed). The 8-bit stack pointer SP is read/write
accessible in the I/O space.
The 128 bytes data SRAM + register file and I/O registers
can be easily accessed through the five different address-
ing modes supported in the AVR architecture.
The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear
and regular memory maps.
